there was/were

there has/have been

there will be

There is a good film on TV tonight.

We are staying at a very big hotel. There are 550 rooms.

Are there any phone messages for me this morning?

I’m hungry, but there isn’t anything to eat.

There was a good film on TV last night.

We stayed at a very big hotel.There were 550 rooms.

Were there any phone messages for me yesterday?

I was hungry when I got home, but there wasn’t anything to eat.

there has been / there have been (現在完成時)

Look! There’s been an accident.

This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents.

請與there was (一般過去時)比較:

關於一般過去時與現在完成時比較，參見Unit 20。

There was an accident last night.

there will be (一般將來時)

Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday?

The manager of the company is leaving, so there will be a new manager soon.

I’m going away tomorrow. I’ll do my packing today because there won’t be

time tomorrow.

there is

there are

There’s a big tree in the garden.

There’s nothing on TV tonight.

A: Have you got any money?

B: Yes, there’s some in my bag.

A: Excuse me, is there a hotel near here?

B:Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

We can’t go skiing. There isn’t any snow.

There are some big trees in the garden.

There are a lot of accidents on this road.

A: Are there any restaurants near here?

B: Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

This restaurant is very quiet. There aren’t many people here.

How many players are there in a football team?

There are 11 players in a football team.

there is 與 it is 比較

‘What’s that noise?’  ‘It’s a train.’

There’s a train at 10.30.  It’s a fast train.

There’s a lot of salt in this soup.

I don’t like this soup. It’s too salty.

I used to…

Dave used to work in a factory. Now he works in a supermarket.

可以說 I used to work…/she used to have…/they used to be…等:

When I was a child, I used to like chocolate.

I used to read a lot of books, but I don’t read much these days.

Liz has got short hair now, but it used to be very long.

They used to live in the same street as us, so we used to see them a lot. But we don’t see them very often these days.

Helen used to have a piano, but she sold it a few years ago.

否定式為I didn’t use to …

When I was a child, I didn’t use to like tomatoes.

疑問式為did you use to … ?:

Where did you use to live before you came here?

僅用於表示過去。不能用I use to…表示現在:

I used to play tennis. These days I play golf.

We usually get up early.

Do this! Don’t do that!

Let’s do this!

come / look / go / wait / do / be等可用來命令或吩咐某人做某事:

‘Come here and look at this!’  ‘What is it?’

I don’t want to talk to you.  Go away!

I’m not ready yet.  Please wait for me.

Please be quiet.  I’m working.

也可以說:

Bye! Have a good holiday! / Have a nice time! / Have a good fight! / Have fun!

‘Have a chocolate.’ ‘Oh, thanks.’

don’t …可用來勸告某人不要做某事:

Be careful! Don’t fall.

Please don’t go. Stay here with me.

Be here on time. Don’t be late.

let’s …可用來提議一起做某事。let’s = let us:

It’s a nice day. Let’s go out.

Come on! Let’s dance.

Are you ready? Let’s go.

Let’s have fish for dinner tonight.

A: Shall we go out tonight?

B: No, I’m tired. Let’s stay at home.

否定形式為let’s not… ：

It’s cold. Let’s not go out. Let’s stay at home.

Let’s not have fish for dinner tonight. Let’s have chicken.

也可以說don’t let’s… ：

It’s cold. Don’t let’s go out. Let’s stay at home.

Would you like…? I’d like…

Would you like … ?表示“你想…嗎”

Would you like … ?用來表示提供某物:

A: Would you like some coffee?

B: No, thank you.

A: Would you like a chocolate?

B: Yes, please.

A: What would you like, tea or coffee?

B: Tea, please.

Would you like to ..?可用來表示邀請某人:

Would you like to go for a walk?

A: Would you like to have dinner with us on Sunday?

B: Yes, I’d love to.

What would you like to do this evening?

I’d like … 是 I want …的禮貌說法。I’d like = I would like:

I’m thirsty. I’d like a drink.

I’d like some information about hotels, please.

I’m feeling tired. I’d like to stay at home this evening.

Would you like … ? 與Do you like …? 比較

Would you like some tea?表示“你想喝茶嗎”。

Would you like some tea?

Yes, please.

A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?

B:Yes, I’d love to.

I’d like an orange, please.

What would you like to do next weekend?

Do you like tea?表示“你喜歡喝茶嗎”。

Do you like tea?

Yes, I do.

Would you like some now?

No, thank you. Not now.

A: Do you like going to the cinema?

B: Yes, I go to the cinema a lot.

I like oranges.

What do you like to do at weekends?

I have to…

I’ll be late for work tomorrow. I have to go to the dentist.

Jane starts work at 7 o’clock, so she has to get up at 6.

You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence.

表示過去(yesterday / last week等)時，用 had to …

I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.

We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.

在疑問句與否定句中用do/does (現在時)與did (過去時):

現在時

過去時

What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow?

Does Jane have to work on Sundays?

Why did they have to leave the party early?

I don’t have to (do something)表示“我沒有必要(做某事)”:

I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.

Ian doesn’t have to work very hard. He’s got an easy job.

We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus – it came in a few minutes.

must 與 have to 比較

must 或 have to 可用來表示認為有必要做某事或提出個人看法:

It’s a fantastic film. You must see it. You have to see it.

不是表達個人看法時用 have to (而不用must)。請比較:

Jane won’t be at work this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor.

Jane isn’t well. She doesn’t want to go to the doctor, but I told her she must go.

Should

you should do something表示。做某事是好的或是對的”

Tom doesn’t study enough. He should study harder.

It’s a good film. You should go and see it.

When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball.

you shouldn’t do something表示“做某事是不好的”。

shouldn’t = should not:

Tom shouldn’t go to bed so late.

You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much.

I think常與should連用:

肯定句用I think … should .…

I think Lisa should buy some new clothes.

It’s late. I think I should go home now.

A: Shall I buy this coat?

B: Yes, I think you should.

否定句用 I don’t think … should… :

I don’t think you should work so hard.

I don’t think we should go yet. It’s too early.

疑問句用Do you think .. should … ?:

Do you think I should buy this hat?

What time do you think we should go home?

must 比 should語氣更強烈:

It’s a good film. You should go and see it.

It’s a fantastic film. You must go and see it.

也可用 ought to 代替 should:

It’s a good film. You ought to go and see it.

I think Lisa ought to buy some new clothes.

must mustn’t don’t need to

I must (do something)表示“我有必要(做某事)” :

I’m very hungry. I must eat something.

It’s a fantastic film. You must see it.

The windows are very dirty. We must clean them.

表示過去(yesterday / last week等)時，用had to … (而不用must):

I was very hungry. I had to eat something.

We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.

mustn’t (= must not)

I mustn’t (do something)表示“我一 定不要，千萬不要(做某事):

I must hurry. I mustn’t be late.

I mustn’t forget to phone Jane.

Be happy! You mustn’t be sad.

You mustn’t touch the pictures.

don’t need to

I don’t need (to do something)表示“我沒必要(做某事) 或不必(做某事)”:

I don’t need to go yet. I can stay a little longer.

You don’t need to shout. I can hear you OK.

也可以說 don’t have to

I don’t have to go yet. I can stay a little longer.

請比較 don’t need to與 mustn’t:

You don’t need to go. You can stay here if you want.

You mustn’t go. You must stay here.

Can 與 Could 比較

can+動詞原形(can do/ can play/ can come等):

I can (do something)表示“知道如何(做某事) 或有可能(做某事)”，

I can play the piano. My brother can play the piano too.

Sarah can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish.

‘Can you swim?’ ‘Yes, but I’m not a very good swimmer’

‘Can you change twenty pounds?’  ‘I’m sorry, I can’t’

I’m having a party next week, but Paul and Rachel can’t come.

表示過去(yesterday / last week等)時，用could/ couldn’t:

When I was young, I could run very fast.

Before Maria came to Britain, she couldn’t understand much English. Now she can understand everything.

I was tired last night, but I couldn’t sleep.

I had a party last week, but Paul and Rachel couldn’t come.

Can you …? Could you? Can I…? Could I…?

Can you … ? 或Could you …. ?用於請求對方做某事:

Can you open the door, please?  

Could you open the door, please?

Can you wait a moment, please?  

Could you wait … ?

Can I have .. ? 或 Could I have … ?用於向對方要求某物:

Can I have these postcards, please?  

Could I have …. ?

Can I ..? 或 Could I…?用於向對方徵詢意見:

Tom, can I borrow your umbrella? 或   Tom, could I borrow your umbrella?

Hello, can I speak to Gary, please?  或 …could I speak … ?

might

might +動詞原形(might go / might be / might rain等):

I might表示“我可能”:

I might go to the cinema this evening, but I’m not sure.

A: When is Rebecca going to phone you?

B: I don’t know. She might phone this afternoon.

Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.

Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky.

‘Are you going out tonight?’ I might.’

I’m playing tennis tomorrow.

I might play tennis tomorrow.

Rebecca is going to phone later.

Rebecca might phone later.

I might not為否定式，表示“我可能不”:

I might not go to work tomorrow.

Sue might not come to the party.

may
may和might用法相同。I may=I might:

I may go to the cinema this evening.

Sue may not come to the party.

May …?表示“我….好嗎? / 我能….?”:

May I ask a question?

‘May I sit here?’‘ Yes, of course.’